anaphora
照応
解説 Definition
同じ文の中で、すでに述べられた語句や物事を別の語句で繰り返して指す言語現象。文法や修辞学で用いられる重要な概念です。
Anaphora is the use of a word or phrase that points back to something mentioned earlier, especially in grammar and linguistics. In literature and speech, it can also mean repeating the same word or phrase at the beginning of several parts for effect.
覚え方のコツ Memory Tip
anaphora は、文を読んでいて『同じものを別の語でもう一度指す』場面と結びつけると覚えやすい。Tom came in. He sat down. の he が Tom を受ける、あの関係が典型例。学ぶときは refer back とセットで持つと定着しやすい。似た語の cataphora は逆に後ろの語を先取りして受けるので、anaphora＝前へ戻る照応、cataphora＝後ろ待ち、と対比すると混同しにくい。言語学では代名詞・this/that などの既出参照を見たら anaphora を思い出す。
Remember `anaphora` through pronouns that point back to something already mentioned. In `John lost his keys, and he looked for them`, `he` and `them` refer back, and that backward link is the key idea. It is easier to remember if you contrast it with `cataphora`, which points forward instead.
例文
In the sentence 'John received a letter, and he opened it immediately,' anaphora links 'he' to John and 'it' to the letter.
「ジョンが手紙を受け取り、彼はそれをすぐに開いた」という文では、照応によって「彼」がジョンに、「それ」が手紙に結び付けられます。
Grammar teachers explain anaphora to help students understand pronoun reference.
文法の教師は照応について説明し、学生が代名詞の指すものを理解できるようにする。
Learning to recognize anaphora helps readers understand pronoun-antecedent relationships.
照応を認識できるようになると、読者は代名詞と先行詞の関係を理解しやすくなります。
anaphora の類義語・関連語
紛らわしい語
anaphora の語源・成り立ち Etymology
anaphora はギリシャ語 ana-「後ろへ・再び」+ phora「運ぶ」から成り、原義は「前に出たものへ運び返す」。だから言語学では前の語を受ける照応を指す。cataphora や metaphor にも同じ phor/phora があり、「運ぶ」が意味の軸だ。
Anaphora comes from Greek ana-, meaning "back" or "again," and phora, meaning "carrying." Its original sense is "a carrying back," which fits the idea of referring back to something mentioned earlier. In language study, that became the technical meaning. Related words with the same root include cataphora and metaphor.
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