included
含まれています
解説 Definition
included は include（含む、含める）の過去形・過去分詞です。ここでは「含まれている」「含まれた」という意味で、何かが全体の一部として入っていることを表します。
Included is the past-tense and past-participle form of include. In passive constructions, it means that something is contained as part of a whole, price, package, service, or arrangement.
覚え方のコツ Memory Tip
included は include「全体の中に含める」の過去形・過去分詞で、語末が /d/ のため -ed は /ɪd/ と発音します。ここでは be included in the price「価格に含まれている」、be included with the book「本に付属する」のような受け身が中心です。in-「中へ」と、close にもつながる「閉じる」の語根から「中に入れる」と捉えましょう。
Connect included with the base verb include, “put or contain something as part of a whole.” It is formed by adding -d to a base ending in e, and its final -ed is pronounced /ɪd/ because include ends in the sound /d/. For this meaning, learn the passive patterns be included in and be included with: tax may be included in the price, while a map may be included with a book. The historical components suggest placing something “inside,” which provides a useful contrast with excluded, meaning deliberately left outside or omitted.
例文
Tax is included in the price.
税金はその価格に含まれています。
Lunch is included in the tour.
昼食はそのツアーに含まれています。
A map is included with the book.
その本には地図が付いています。
included の類義語・関連語
included の語源・成り立ち Etymology
ラテン語 includere（中に閉じ込める）が語源。in-（中に）+ claudere（閉じる）に分解できる。claudere からは close（閉じる）や exclude（排除する）も派生。「中に閉じ込める→含む」という意味の変遷が分かる。
Included is the past-tense and past-participle form of include. Include comes from Latin inclūdere, formed from in-, “in or inside,” and claudere, “to shut or close.” The original image was of shutting something within an enclosure, which developed into the modern sense of making it part of a group or whole. English close and exclude are historically related through the same Latin root. The ending -ed marks the completed or passive form in included.
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