including
含む
解説 Definition
「含めて」は、特定の人・物・事柄をあるグループや集合の一部として数え入れていることを示す前置詞・接続詞的な表現です。リストや説明の中で、言及した要素がその全体の中に含まれることを明確にするために使われます。何かを例として挙げたり、範囲を明示する際によく用いられます。
Used to show that something is part of a larger group or total. It often introduces one or more important items in a list, but it does not always mean the list is complete.
覚え方のコツ Memory Tip
including はまず include「含む」が土台。文中で A, B, C, including D と出たら、「Dもそのグループの中に入れて数える」と整理すると定着しやすいです。especially が“とくにD”に寄るのに対し、including は“Dを含めて”という内訳感が強め。five people including me、price including tax など、人数・項目・料金でよく出ます。included は「含まれている状態」、including は「含めると」と文をつなぐ形、と対比すると混同しにくくなります。
Start from `include`, then see `including` as the form that adds an item into a group. In `A, B, C, including D`, the point is that `D` is counted inside the group, not just highlighted. Compare it with `especially`: `especially D` gives special attention, but `including D` means `D` is one of the members. Common chunks like `including me` and `including tax` help fix it in memory.
例文
Many students, including my sister, won awards at the ceremony.
私の姉を含む多くの生徒が、式典で賞を受賞しました。
The price is 50 dollars, including all taxes and service fees.
その価格はすべての税金とサービス料を含めて50ドルです。
Several countries, including Japan and Germany, participated in the summit.
日本やドイツを含むいくつかの国が、サミットに参加しました。
including の類義語・関連語
including の語源・成り立ち Etymology
including は include + -ing で、include はラテン語 includere に由来し、in-「中へ」+ claudere「閉じる」と分けられる。exclude や conclude も同根。原義は「中に閉じこめる」で、境界の内側に入れる感覚が「含む」を説明する。
Including comes from include + -ing. Include came into English from Latin includere, built from in- "in" and claudere "to shut". Its earliest sense was "to shut in" or "enclose," and that later became the more general idea of "having something as part of a group." Related English words include exclude and conclude.
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