preemption
優先購入権／法の優先適用
解説 Definition
契約・会社法では、他者に先んじて資産や株式を買える権利を指す。法学では、上位の法律や規則が下位・別体系の規定に優先して適用され、抵触する効力を排除することを表す専門的な名詞。
Preemption is the act of taking action, buying something, or gaining a right before someone else can. In law or politics, it can also mean that a higher rule or authority overrides a lower one. The exact meaning depends on the field.
覚え方のコツ Memory Tip
この用法では right of preemption と legal preemption を別々の定型句として押さえるのが有効です。emption には語源的に「買うこと」の響きがあり、商取引では「最初に買える権利」。法の文脈では、上位法が先に効いて他の規定を退けるという制度上の優先です。戦略的な先手より、権利・効力の順位を示す硬い語です。
`Preemption` begins with `pre-`, meaning "before," so the core idea is getting priority ahead of others. In business, `right of preemption` is a strong memory phrase for the right to buy first. In law, it also means one law takes priority over another. This makes it easier to remember as a formal word about priority with legal force, not just general importance.
例文
Federal preemption prevents states from passing conflicting laws.
連邦法の優先適用により、州は矛盾する法律を制定できない。
The doctrine of preemption was central to the legal debate.
その法的議論では、優先適用の法理が中心的な論点だった。
The company exercised its right of preemption to buy back the shares.
その会社は優先購入権を行使して株式を買い戻した。
preemption の類義語・関連語
紛らわしい語
preemption の語源・成り立ち Etymology
preemption は pre-「先に」+ emere「買う」をもつラテン語 praeemere が背景で、「他者より先に買う」が原義。そこから先買権や、法が他を押しのけて優先適用される意味へ広がった。関連語は exempt, redeem。
Preemption comes from Latin roots meaning "to buy before": pre- means "before," and emere means "to buy." Through Latin praeemere and later legal use in English, the word first carried the idea of taking or buying something ahead of others. From there it broadened into the sense of prior claim or priority over another rule or action. Related words from the same root include redeem and exempt.
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