presumptions
憶測、推定、思い込み
解説 Definition
presumptions は presumption の複数形で、十分な根拠がないまま事実だと考えることや、相手について勝手に決めつけることを表す。文脈によっては推定・仮定の意味にもなり、また思い上がりや厚かましさを指す場合もある。
Presumptions are ideas or beliefs that people accept as true without full proof. They are often based on limited information, personal opinion, or expectation. In careful writing, the word can suggest that these assumptions may be mistaken.
覚え方のコツ Memory Tip
presume(たぶん〜だと思う)を知っていれば、presumption はその「思っている内容」「先回りした判断」とつながる。さらに複数の -s が付いた presumptions は「いくつもの憶測・思い込み」。assumption と近いが、presumption のほうが証拠が十分でないまま決めつける響きがやや強い。make presumptions about people(人を決めつける)、based on mere presumptions(単なる憶測に基づく)など、批判的な文脈で出やすいことも一緒に覚えると定着しやすい。
Connect it to the verb `presume`, meaning to think something is true before you really know. `Presumptions` are those guesses or judgments, often several of them because of the plural `-s`. It is close to `assumptions`, but often sounds more critical, especially in phrases like `make presumptions about people`.
例文
His presumptions about her background turned out to be entirely wrong.
彼女の生い立ちについての彼の憶測は、完全に間違っていた。
The legal case was built on presumptions rather than solid evidence.
その訴訟は確かな証拠ではなく、いくつもの推定に基づいて組み立てられていた。
We should avoid making presumptions about people based on their appearance.
見た目だけで人を決めつけるのは避けるべきだ。
presumptions の類義語・関連語
presumptions の語源・成り立ち Etymology
presumptions はラテン語 praesumere「先に取る」に由来し、prae-「前に」+ sumere「取る」から成る語です。presume や assume も同じ核をもち、証拠が出そろう前に結論を先取りする感覚が、推測や思い込みの意味につながっています。
Presumptions comes from Latin praesumere, meaning "to take beforehand," from prae- "before" and sumere "to take." The central idea was taking a conclusion in advance, before everything was fully known. From that, the word developed into senses involving assumption, expectation, or overconfident belief. Related words include presume and assume.
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