frightened
怯えた
解説 Definition
frightened は、frighten（怖がらせる）の過去分詞からできた形で、怯えた、怖がっているという意味です。人や動物が何かを怖いと感じている状態を表します。
Someone or an animal that is frightened feels fear because of danger, a sudden event, or something threatening. The adjective describes the experiencer’s emotional state, not the thing that causes the fear.
覚え方のコツ Memory Tip
frightened は frighten「怖がらせる」に -ed が付いた過去分詞で、「恐怖を与えられた状態」から「怯えた」を表します。frighten /ˈfraɪtən/ の末尾は /n/ なので -ed は /d/ と発音し、frightened は /ˈfraɪtənd/ です。人の感情には frightened、恐怖を起こす物には frightening を使います。
Frightened is the past participle of frighten, used as an adjective for the person or animal experiencing fear. Add -ed to frighten; because the base ends in the sound /n/, the ending is pronounced /d/, giving /ˈfraɪtənd/. Picture a frightened child holding a parent’s hand or a frightened dog during a storm. Contrast frightened with frightening: the child is frightened, but the loud noise is frightening. This experiencer-versus-cause contrast is the most useful way to remember which form belongs in a sentence.
例文
The frightened child held his mother's hand.
怯えた子どもは母親の手を握りました。
She looked frightened after hearing the loud noise.
大きな音を聞いたあと、彼女は怯えた様子でした。
The dog was frightened during the storm.
嵐の間、その犬は怯えていました。
frightened の類義語・関連語
frightened の語源・成り立ち Etymology
古英語 fyrhto（恐怖）から派生した frighten の過去分詞形。語根はゲルマン祖語 *furhtaz（恐れる）に遡る。関連語：fright（恐怖）、afraid（怖がって）。「恐怖を与えられた状態」を表す受身的な形容詞である。
Frightened is formed from frighten plus the past-participle ending -ed. Frighten developed from fright, whose earlier forms are related to Old English fyrhtu or fyrhto, meaning fear, and ultimately to a Germanic root associated with being afraid. As a participial adjective, frightened originally presents someone or something as having been caused to feel fright, which explains its focus on the fearful experiencer.
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