発疹チフス
解説 Definition
シラミが媒介する感染症で、発疹と高熱を伴う病気。戦争や飢饉などの不衛生な環境で流行しやすい。
Typhus is a serious infectious disease caused by bacteria and usually spread by lice, fleas, or similar insects. It causes symptoms such as high fever, headache, and rash. The word is mainly used in medical or historical contexts.
覚え方のコツ Memory Tip
まず typhoid（腸チフス）と対で整理すると定着しやすい。どちらも高熱を伴う感染症名だが、typhus は「シラミ媒介・発疹・不衛生な環境で流行」、typhoid は水や食物由来で腸の病気。医学語らしい -us 語尾の病名として覚えつつ、epidemic typhus, louse-borne typhus の形も一緒に確認すると実戦的。war, famine, refugee camps など衛生悪化の文脈で見えたら typhus を結びつける。typhoon とは無関係なので混同注意。
Remember it together with `typhoid`, because learners often mix them up. `Typhus` is the one often linked with lice, outbreaks, and poor conditions, while `typhoid` is usually linked with food or water. Also, do not confuse `typhus` with `typhoon` just because they look similar.
例文
Typhus outbreaks were common in unsanitary conditions.
不衛生な環境では発疹チフスの流行が起こりやすかった。
Typhus spread rapidly during wartime due to unsanitary living conditions.
戦争中に不衛生な生活環境のために発疹チフスは急速に広がった。
Doctors worked to prevent typhus in refugee camps.
医師たちは難民キャンプで発疹チフスの予防に努めた。
typhus の類義語・関連語
紛らわしい語
typhus の語源・成り立ち Etymology
typhus は新ラテン語 typhus を経て、ギリシャ語 typhos「煙、もうろう、熱病のけむり」に由来します。高熱で意識が霞む状態を「煙がかかったようだ」と捉えた語で、typhoid や typhous も同じ語根を持ちます。
Typhus comes through New Latin typhus from Greek typhos, meaning "smoke," "stupor," or a feverish haze. The name reflects the confused, clouded state caused by high fever, as if the mind were covered in smoke. It shares the same root with typhoid and typhous.
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